Cancer progression is driven by genetic mutations, environmental factors, and intricate interactions within the Tumor Microenvironment (TME), encompassing a complex network involving neurotrophic factors. The interplay between cancer cells and peripheral nerves, particularly the impact of neurotrophic factors such as NGF, BDNF, and GDNF, are associated with poor prognosis across various cancer types. Moreover, sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic regulation plays a significant role in influencing tumor growth. Sympathetic signaling predominantly promotes tumor progression, whereas the role of parasympathetic signaling varies among different cancer types. These effects can occur by directly affecting tumor cells or regulating immune cell functions within the TME. In addition, the sensory nerves significantly promote cancer progression. We also describe the contribution of the CNS to Cancer-Associated Cachexia (CAC), characterized by tissue wasting and a reduced quality of life. This process involves pathways via GDF15-GFRAL signaling and hypothalamic POMC neurons. Our review underscores the multifaceted interactions between the nervous system and cancer progression and presents promising avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies.